Metal Casting is one of the most widely used processes that is used in the production and process industry. In the metal industry the process of Casting is the basic and he most essential step in the process of production. At the dawn of the industrial revolution, casting was a very crude process that had not undergone development.

Need for associations and institutes: Though the process of casting is an important step in production, it remained underdeveloped for a very long period of time. The basic need for the formation of metal casting related associations was to develop the process of casting. The many associations that are working for the development of metal casting are continuously working for the development of the process. Associations and the groups that have been formed by the companies are constantly experimenting with the proposed reforms in the casting process. Many of them have also come up with sound technical rectifications and an amazing number of proposals.

Aims and Objective of Casting Associations and groups: The basic objective of all the Meat casting Groups and associations that have been working for a few decades remains unchanged. The associations strive to develop the process of casting to the pinnacle. The global market has become demanding and competitive than ever. The associations helps the member companies in maximizing their quality standards. These associations also work for the spread of appropriate technology. Many innovations and inventions are proposed and executed for the technological benefit of the member companies. This kind if technical support helps the company to cut the cost of production. It also helps the companies to increase the quality and also ht performance of their production units.

Work against pollution: Metal Casting companies are often pressurized and also accused of polluting the environment. Many of the associations provide technical knowledge to the companies about the disposal of pollutants. Many a times the companies who have operational centers close to each other set up a common plant to dispose off the harmful waste materials. Many of the associations have set up their own norms for the member companies.

Man power safety: Some of the associations also keep a tab on the safety of the workers. A metal casting industry is a very dangerous place to work in. the associations hence have prescribed many safety norms to the member companies.

The norms regarding safety of the environment and the safety of the workers if not followed always invite trouble from the government. If the safety norms of the associations are followed then the intervention of the government reduces considerably.

Spread of Knowledge: To make the people in the industry aware of the ongoing commercial development and technical research the associations arrange international expos and also many exhibitions. The associations also represent their member companies in many seminars organized on the international level.

Commercial Aspects: The metal casting associations work as exchange houses for commercial meetings. Many associations give sound financial information and also explains the market conditions to the member companies.
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How e-bikes work is by assisting your pedaling. Electric bikes are everyday bicycles with an added battery-powered electric motor. Although capable of pushing you along without your help, electric bikes perform noticeably better when you pedal. The average "couch potato" who normally rides at 10 mph can ride at 15-20 mph using the same effort. He can also expect a range of 10 miles, with a recharge time of several hours. Do you remember that easy pedaling after you get your bike up to speed? Thats the cruising feeling you get all the time with an electric bike.
Power, when activated by a throttle on the handlebar (power-on-demand) or in response to your pedaling (ped-elec), gives you an immediate, nearly silent push. When you release the throttle (or stop pedaling), the motor coasts or "freewheels" - like when you stop pedaling a regular bike. Standard bicycle hand brakes and gearing round out the controls.
"Power-on-demand" means just that - no pedaling required! Although all electric (or "electric-assist") bikes are designed to work with your pedaling, power-on-demand allows you to break the rule. Most systems offer a variable speed control, although some are simply on/off (like the yellow switch pictured). A "ped-elec" wont deliver motor power unless it senses you are pedaling. And its "power output to pedal pressure" ratio is often adjustable. Most people find 400-watt motors adequate for their needs, although folks with steep hills may want more power. Some bikes offer through-the-gearing power assist - i.e. the force of the motor goes through the bikes gearing system - which provides better hill-climbing and top-end speed than direct drive systems with motors of the same wattage rating.
Electric bikes come in two basic designs - adaptive and purpose-built. The adaptive type starts with a bicycle and adds a drive system to it. A purpose-built e-bike is designed from the ground up. Adaptives are less expensive, less stylish, and may require installation (allow 3 hours if youre familiar with tools; otherwise your local bikeshop mechanic will charge about $75). Purpose-builts generate interesting designs and features (like brake-activated tail lights). Users of both types enjoy easy acceleration, hill climbing, and cutting through headwinds. Rechargeable batteries, usually sealed lead-acid, provide power for the electric drive motors. Charging costs less than 5¢ of electricity from common 110 VAC wall outlets. Charging times vary widely due to charger output and battery capacity, but you can expect to recharge in less than 8 hours with most stock chargers. Quick chargers are available.
Mopeds differ from e-bikes in that they generate more speed, risk, range, expense, pollution, and legal issues. Top speed of mopeds is limited by law to 30 mph. Often, a drivers license and registration is required. An electric bike, which by law is limited to a top speed of 20 mph, reduces the risk of serious injury. Its shorter range of 8-20 miles is plenty for errands and short commutes. E-bikes are the cleanest motorized vehicles - both in terms of air pollution and noise. If you own a bike, you can motorize it for as little as $500. Or buy a purpose-built e-bike for up to $3000. Either way, you can ride your e-bike without a drivers license, vehicle registration, or insurance.

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