Fiber optic patch panels are also known as fiber distribution panels. Patch panel's function is to terminate the fiber optic cable and provide access to the cable's individual fibers for cross connection.

Fiber patch panel can use fiber patch cables to cross-connect, connect to fiber optic communication equipment or test the individual fibers in the fiber cable.

A fiber patch panel usually is composed of two parts, the compartment that contains fiber adapters (bulkhead receptacles), and the compartment that contains fiber optic splice trays and excess fiber cables.

If you want a even neater cable management, you can also use a fiber patch cable management tray to neatly store and manage excessive fiber patch cable lengths.

Optical fibers from workstations or from other wiring closets terminate in termination boxes. The termination boxes provide a patch point for a small number of connections, but larger installations will have a separate patching location that serves all of the incoming and outgoing fiber cables.

A fiber patch panel consists of an array of duplex SC adapters, hybrid adapters, or Small Form Factor (SFF) jacks. If the entire installation, including the fiber optic hubs, repeaters, or network adapters, uses the same type of fiber optic connectors, then the array can be made of compatible adapters or jacks.

To convert between fiber connector types, you need a hybrid adapter or a conversion cable. A hybrid adapter is a passive coupler that joins two different connector types, while a conversion cable simply has one connector type on one end and the other type on the opposite end.
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Fiber patch panels provide a convenient way to rearrange fiber cable connections and circuits. A simple patch panel is a metal frame containing bushings in which fiber optic cable connectors plug in on either side. One side of the panel is usually fixed, meaning that the fiber cables are not intended to be disconnected. On the other side of the panel, fiber cables can be connected and disconnected to arrange the circuits as required.

All of various types of bearings may have the similar purposes, i.e. making things spinning around. However, they may have different designs, applications and functions. Among all those different types, the roller bearings and the ball bearings are the most common and important categories.

These two types are both important in many industries although they may have some difference in many aspects. A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing which uses balls to maintain the separation between the moving parts. They were first produced in Europe, and then American manufacturers produced them in metric dimensions prior to the early-1990s.

They can be made from different materials such as stainless steel, chrome steel and ceramic, etc. Those made from different materials have their own functions and characteristics. The steel-made ones are very hard and strong. They can bear a lot of pressure. Besides,they are relatively cheaper than other kinds because of the low cost of producing the balls used in the bearing.

Roller bearings are quite different from the ball bearings such as their designs and functions. They are shaped like cylinders and are most commonly used in heavy machinery or industrial applications. For instance, conveyor belt rollers in factories use this type of bearing because weight is spread out in a line along the surface of the bearing which is different from the ball bearing where any weight pushing down on it is focused on one point. This allows the roller bearing to handle much more weight and makes it ideal for heavy-duty applications.
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Ball bearings also have specific applications. They are commonly used in machinery industry and in wheels of vehicles like cars, buses and motorcycles. The life span of ball bearings is calculated on their working speed and the load they bear. Generally, this kind of bearing product can last a long time, but the actual lifespan should be based on the usage, the pressure they get, and the maintenance measures. After the frequent usage, their life span will be reduced. As a result, it is very important to maintain them. If the maintenance is done properly, their life span will be maximized.

Water is purchased much the same way we purchase electricity. A meter measures the range of gallons that enters the water program, either in cubic feet or in hundreds of gallons. The meter, which isn't equipped to record the huge numbers used by most foodservice locations, will show a basic range.

The meter reader takes that range and multiplies it by a constant figure, known as the constant multiplier. For instance, if the meter shows 1200 and the multiplier is 100, we have consumed 120,000 gallons. Whenever you turn on a sink in your kitchen, the drinking water rushes out at 50 to 100 psi. This stress is a lot more than sufficient to get it from the city's pipes to the building, which only takes up to 20 psi.

The excess pressure is used to move drinking water into numerous pipes throughout the facility. his is called the upfeed system of getting water. Actually, 50 to 100 psi is strong enough to supply water to the upstairs area of a making four to six stories high. If your facility is in a taller making than that, you'll most likely require water pumps to boost the stress and flow.

Pumps could be utilized to increase drinking water stress; valves (called regulation valves) can be utilized to decrease it. Your goal is to control the drinking water coming into your facility to avoid fluctuating pressure or an uneven flow rate. And whenever there's a possibility that contaminated drinking water could backflow into the potable water program, a backflow preventor should be installed.

Backflow may occur whenever a piece of equipment, such as a commercial dishwasher, is capable of creating stress that is greater than the incoming pressure of its supply line. The segments from the typical upfeed program are:

Water meter: The device that records water consumption. It is the last point of the public drinking water utility's service. Anything on "your" side from the drinking water meter, including all pipes and maintenance, is your responsibility, not the water company's.

Service pipe: The primary supply line between the meter and the building.

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Fixture branch: A pipe that carries drinking water to a single fixture. It could be vertical or horizontal and carry warm or cold drinking water.

Riser: A vertical pipe that extends 20 or a lot more feet. It can carry warm or cold water.

The meters are being replaced with eco-friendly automatic readers, which send water usage information directly into a computer system, instead of requiring someone to drive around and manually collect and input the data.

The city says the new meters are much more accurate and people may see their water bills go up as a result.


Utilities staff say residents don't need to be home during the replacement, which takes about 15 minutes.

About 75% of the water meters will be replaced in Thomasville, according to Thomasville employee Greg Lawrence.

The project is being paid for with a revolving loan from the state of Georgia. Because it cuts down emissions and fuel consumption, the meter replacements qualify as a 'green' initiative.

As such, only 50% of the loan will have to be paid back to the state, which will total a little over $1 million.

For more information on the replacement program, visit thomasville.org.


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Lexington Utilities and a woman are disputing the cause of a water bill that totaled $1,900 within a three-month span last year.

Darden resident Shonda Gilbert said she believes a faulty meter led to the abnormally high bills between the months of July and September and that the water service technicians who came to her house said there wasn't a leak causing the issue.

Lexington Utilities General Manager Michael Harper, however, said that Gilbert did not inform them about the issue until the third month after her water was cut off. A service technician reported seeing standing water on the ground the first time they went to her home, which is a sign of a leak, he said.

Gilbert, however, says she went to the utility company after receiving July's bill of $219 and again in August when it topped $300.

"I went back and complained again, and they sent somebody to check for leaks once more, but the guy that checked it said it's perfectly still, there's no leaks," Gilbert said. "I told the (company officials) there's something wrong with my meter, and they said they don't break ... if they mess up, they slow down, not speed up."

After another meter was installed at the end of September, her October bill was back to around $30.

Harper said leaks typically start out slowly and steadily increase over time, as in Gilbert's case. It is possible to leak 270,000 gallons in one month, as her August bill shows.

"She knew when we changed this meter, and what I firmly believe is she had a leak and fixed it (after the new meter was installed)," Harper said.

Harper said the first meter — which has a serial number that coincides with the technician's report — was calibrated and shown to not have any issues.

Gilbert, however, said she doubts the system sent off the right meter and that lawsuits have been filed over whether water meters provided inaccurate readings. The meter was only changed after she told the company's assistant manager she would bring the issue up at Lexington's Board of Aldermen meeting in October, she said.

Gilbert's water has been cut off several times since the bills came in as she's attempted to pay enough to keep it running. Gilbert says even if there were a leak, the bill would still not have reached $993 in one month's time, and if so, it would have flooded her home.

Billy Joe Hill, a service manager, for Tim Ferguson Plumbing Co. said it is possible to have more than 200,000 gallons of water leak in a month and that it likely would be evident with water on the ground.

Gilbert also said she feels she's been treated unfairly when another resident with a high water bill was able to get her amount owed reduced. Harper said that situation was also a leak, but the utility lowered that woman's bill because it did not send a service technician out to her home the first time she informed it about the bill.
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"If we would have messed up, we would have helped (Gilbert), and we're still willing to help her," Harper said. "My honest belief is she had a leak."

Des Plaines residents may see a rise in water rates starting next year if officials decide to eventually replace the city's roughly 13,000 analog water meters with a new digital automated meter reading system.
The city council Tuesday night discussed whether to grant a contract to Badger Meter, Inc., of Milwaukee to replace some aging meters and purchase new ones for newly constructed buildings for $65,000, as well as implement an automated meter reading system at an initial cost of $65,000. Badger is the city's current meter provider.


The current meters in residents' basements are connected by cable to outside meters. The meter readings sometimes don't match up because outside weather conditions can slow down the equipment, said Tim Oakley, director of public works and engineering.
Officials don't know how many such meters are malfunctioning.
Oakley said analog meters are no longer being manufactured so the city must switch to a digital signal.
It would cost the city roughly $7 million to automate its 13,000 meters, which would have to be done over several years and would be funded through water and sewer funds, Oakley said.
“We would have to raise rates in order to do this project,” Oakley said.
City officials are conducting a water rate study, taking into account other needed improvements to the water system in the short and longer term. The results of that study will be available soon, however, no rate increases would be implemented until at least next year, Oakley said.
Once implemented, the system would provide city staff the ability to read water meters wirelessly throughout the city. The technology would considerably reduce the amount of time staff spends reading meters and streamline the city's utility billing. It would also eliminate the need for manual meter reading, which currently costs the city $60,000 yearly by contract, officials said.
City officials propose installing the citywide wireless network this year to test out the program.
However, some aldermen objected to granting Badger an exclusive contract without competitive bidding.
Fifth Ward Alderman James Brookman said he would like the matter to be referred back to the public works committee for further discussion.
“I don't think a month should make any difference,” Brookman said. “This is a big expense for all of us.”
Oakley said city staff has researched other water meter vendors and the problem is that the city would have to replace the entire meter if it went with another vendor, whereas Badger could equip existing meters with the automated meter reading technology.
Yet, the rest of the council agreed with Brookman and referred the matter back to committee.
“Let's explore the options,” Mayor Marty Moylan said. “There may be a company that can adapt to the situation less expensively.”


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In a joint effort, police and security agencies claim to have stumbled on a sinister plot, which may involve major names in the mafia or even a terror outfit.

A police officer attached to the Pydhonie police station and officials of the Anti Terrorism Squad (ATS), both working on a tip-off, raided a garage near Sabkuch Shopping Centre in Malad yesterday afternoon and seized a suitcase suspected to contain explosives.

Inside, they discovered a substance resembling RDX and other items like ball bearings and wires that they assume could be the trigger mechanism.

During the raid, the team took in three brothers identified as Salim Khan, Hanif and Hafeez for questioning to Malad police station.

There are reasons to believe that the trio may have links to gangster Dawood Ibrahim's right-hand-man, Chhota Shakeel and police are even investigating the possibility of links to a terror outfit.

Police fear that the RDX seized is typical to that used by military forces or terror outfits. This also raises questions whether the three brothers had any sinister plans in the city.

The trio was being questioned about the source of the RDX till late last night.

The police, based on information gathered during interrogation, have also launched a massive manhunt for one Rahil Rauf Talukdar alias Babloo, who could be a key suspect in the case.

A senior police officer speaking to MiD DAY said that several intelligence agencies are presently working on the case, which has ramifications across the country.

"My team is working on the case and I cannot divulge any additional information," said Shamsher Khan Pathan, senior inspector attached to Pydhonie police station.

This reporter was witness to the seizure and said that the matter came to the fore after the Pydhonie police received a tip-off that a suspicious suitcase was abandoned outside a garage.

The ATS was informed by the Pydhonie police and asked to participate in the raid. After the seizure was made, the ATS has been asked to ascertain the quality of RDX, and a report is awaited.

Family claims

Istiaq Sayed, a relative of the three arrested told MiD DAY that he suspects some relatives of the brothers had planted the RDX in the backyard of the garage through black magic as a result of a dispute over ownership of the garage.

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"The Khan brothers' cousins, Rasid, Yasin and Hippo were practicing black magic for quite sometime and are sworn enemies. Even the Khans thought it could be one of these routine black magic practices," said Sayed.

Advances in Ball Bearing Materials, Lubrication Techniques, and Design Assistance Highlighted by AST Bearings at Anaheim Convention Center

One of the most important design and manufacturing shows in the entire United States is scheduled for the second week in February at the Anaheim Convention Center from February 8-10, 2011. This is a must-see exposition for engineers and designers in a wide range of manufacturing industries. According to the show organizers, "The co-location of eight shows, including the Medical Design & Manufacturing - West, WestPack, Pacific Design & Manufacturing, Automation Technology Expo - West, Green Manufacturing Expo, PLASTEC West, Electronics West, and AeroCon shows, is the largest event of its kind on the West Coast -- delivering design, process, automation, and packaging solutions... and everything in between."

AST Bearings Showcasing Innovative Technologies
AST Bearings, a leading supplier of miniature ball bearings, precision bearings and other related products and services, will be showcasing many environmentally friendly and innovative engineering and design solutions for medical, automation, plastic processing, packaging, and general manufacturing industries. Some of the technologies AST Bearings will be demonstrating in Booth 3443 include:
Extraordinary SV30 Bearing Material - Special materials including ceramics, SV30 stainless steel, and advanced polymers for longer life, exceptional corrosion resistance, while running quieter, even in extreme environments.
MicroGrade Grease Plate™ (MGGP™) – A proprietary AST Bearings developed process for lubricating bearings for superior low-torque operation and consistent long term performance.
Online Catalog with 3D CAD File Integration – A free service from AST will be demonstrated of a bearings selection guide with integrated 3D CAD file downloads.

Free Admission for Guests of AST Bearings
All qualified guests of AST Bearings can gain free admission (a $55 value) by registering online Alternatively, qualified visitors can register on-site by entering Promo Code: XG to receive a free expo pass. The free expo pass is good for all eight concurrent shows. AST Bearings is located right in the middle of the floor plan in Booth 3443.
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About AST Bearings
Founded in 1963, AST® Bearings is an ISO 9001:2008 quality management system certified company and a value-added supplier of a wide selection of miniature ball bearings and precision bearings and services. The company maintains an extensive inventory of superior quality bushings, rod ends, roller bearings, and linear bushing bearings, custom cost efficient mechanical sub-assemblies and much more. AST maintains two warehouses to ensure availability and "just-in-time" delivery to customers across the US and internationally. AST also provides inventory management services, expert engineering and design services, in addition to failure analyses and re-lubrication services in clean rooms with Class-100 workbenches at its headquarters in Montville, New Jersey.

Recently, consumers in Nanjing Road Lo “true eternity, ” their favorite clothing store to see a long-LV men’s bag, the price is far lower than the 600 counter prices, factory direct sales business that is special, Mr. Rowe will Buy one. Unexpectedly, several days, the bag line interface to open, lining is also very “not solid “, torn by hand can be broken.
Yesterday, the river bank by the law enforcement officers Dazhi business to the store after the investigation of complaints received. The store shelves filled with LV, GUUCI, PRADA, CHANEL, and other well-known international luxury brand handbags, wallets, belts and other goods, the store hung a “manufacturer promotions, the special cabinet”,”all genuine designer handbags consignment” The words.
Businesses can not produce any stock certificates in the inquiries of law enforcement officers, the head of Wang finally tells the truth, these bags are not luxury brands into the goods from the franchisee, but the leather from Guangzhou to tens of dollars on the wholesale market At prices ranging from hundreds of dollars to buy back the “high imitation”brand leather goods.
Law enforcement officers immediately suspected counterfeit goods, the implementation of well-known goods temporarily detained, were identified, was seized of the LV bag of product quality, color and there are significant differences with the real thing, and rough work, is fake and shoddy goods.

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December 21 -- Shandong Xingmin Wheel (002355) and Beiqi Foton Motor (600166) signed a strategic cooperation agreement on December 20, reports stcn.com.

According to the agreement, Xingming Wheel will finish the construction of two steel wheel production bases in Hunnan and Hebei provinces before December 2011. Each production base will have wheel production capacity of five million units.

Xingming Wheel will provide Foton Motor with auto parts at a lower price than other auto makers and will follow Beiqi Foton's product innovation schedule.

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Beiqi Foton Motor may exempt Xingming Wheel's products from inspection, if the quality of the products meet the demand of Foton Motor.

Beiqi Foton Motor agreed that it would not produce steel wheels in the next five years, while Xingming Wheel will give preference to Beiqi Foton Motor in product supply.

An air compressor at the Meiners convenience store at 34200 Commerce Drive was vandalized on Tuesday, Dec. 28.

The machine, which belongs to a company named Air Serv, was extensively damaged, according to the incident report filed with the Johnson County Sheriff's Department. The report also states that at least $480 in quarters was stolen from the machine.

The theft is under investigation with no suspects at this time.



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Chrysler Group LLC has announced another investment in the Kokomo facilities -- this time for $85 million.
The latest investment will be focused on the Kokomo Transmission Plant in preparation for the next generation of eight-speed transmissions.
The $85 million is in addition to previou announcements of $300 million for the Kokomo Transmission and Casting Plants, as well as $843 million investment in the Indiana Transmission Plants One and Two.
Kokomo Mayor Greg Goodnight says the investment totals more than $1.3 billion -- nearly half of the automaker's total investment in U.S. facilities. The amount also makes Kokomo the recipient of the largest total investment in a single community.
Goodnight says the tax abatment proposals are being amended to include the newest addition and should be approved by the City Council with a few weeks.


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This latest model update sees the Mitsubishi Lancer 2.0 GLS receive a new set of 16-inch, ten spoke alloy wheels and new clear-lens tail lights, which feature a clear lens and contrasting black base.

Another running change is the improved sound deadening in the front windscreen.

Although the current list price for this model is R240 847, Mitsubishi says that it's currently available for R199 900 - a significant saving in anyone's book.

Other than the abovementioned, the Lancer offers much the same package as before, with power coming from a 2-litre 16-valve petrol engine that produces 114kW at 6000rpm and 199Nm at 4250rpm and is mated to a five-speed manual transmission.

The standard creature comfort list includes all the things you expect in this class, including automatic air conditioning and audio controls on the steering wheel. Key safety kit comprises of ABS brakes and dual front airbags - unfortunately no side or curtain airbags have been included.

While the Lancer is no class leader, and we wouldn't give it much thought at R240 847, the R199 900 offer (including a five-year/100 000km service plan and CO2 tax) makes it a very tempting alternative to the 1.6-litre sedans at that price point.

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Mansoura: Abdul Latif Farhat waited for more than an hour in order to cast his vote a few metres from a polling station in this Nile Delta town, but it was to no avail.

Thugs, allegedly hired by candidates from the ruling National Democratic Party, did not allow him as well as other voters suspected of supporting the Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt's strongest but banned group, to enter the polling station.

"It is absurd that the government and the ruling party keep saying that the elections are fair and all facilities are in place for voters to exercise their constitutional right," said Farhat. "The thugs are imposing their law under the noses of the security forces, who are doing nothing," he told Gulf News before deciding to go home for his personal safety.

Supporters of rival candidates threatened to smash photographers' cameras if they dared snap photos outside the school turned polling centre.

Voters and representatives of candidates in yesterday's legislative elections complained about getting barred from reaching polling stations.

The complaint was substantiated by the state-backed National Council for Human Rights, which said in a report that preventing voters from having access to polling stations had accounted for 50 per cent of the complaints received by its operations room.

Normal

While admitting the violations, Ali Eddin Helal, a senior official in President Hosni Mubarak's National Democratic Party, said they were normal because "rivalry for the parliamentary seats is very high".

But this rivalry took a deadly turn as the Ministry of Health confirmed in a statement that five people died in different parts of Egypt.

The son of an independent candidate was stabbed to death in Al Mataria, a working-class area in northern Cairo, while pasting posters on Saturday night. Another voter died in the Delta province of Menufia, around 60km north of Cairo, allegedly during a clash inside a polling station.

Nagui Omran, a 55-year-old teacher, died during a clash inside the polling station when he was not allowed to vote because his name was not in the electoral list, said witnesses. However, the official Middle East News Agency quoted Menufia Governor Sami Mahmoud as saying that Moran had died of a heart attack.

A 38-year-old man was killed during a brawl among supporters of candidates in Qena, Upper Egypt.

The fifth fatality was identified as Nafisa Abdul Hamid, 79, who died after suffering a diabetic coma inside a polling station in Alexandria, Egypt's second biggest city.

Meanwhile, police used tear gas in the Delta province of Samanud, some 80km north of Cairo to disperse knife-wielding supporters of candidates from the Muslim Brotherhood and the ruling party who clashed. Six people were injured and a car was damaged during the clash, an eyewitness told Gulf News.

The Muslim Brotherhood, which fielded independent candidates to circumvent an official decades-long ban, contested the elections with 130 contenders amid speculation that the group will not repeat the 2005 election results when it clinched a fifth of the parliament's seats.

Vote buying was rife in constituencies, where election was hotly contested, according to local monitors.

They added that in Mena Al Basal in Alexandria, a businessman running for a parliament seat, was buying votes for 150 pounds (Dh95) each.

Hours before the polling stations closed at 7pm (5pm GMT) a relatively high turnout was reported in rural areas where candidates' family links are strong.

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The elitist world of Paris high luxury, where a customised handbag can cost more than a car, seems to be immune to the financial crisis. The French label Hermès made so much money this year that it is likely to post the best results of its 173-year history and has just opened a lavish new store in the old Art Deco swimming pool of a left bank hotel. But behind the success of silk-scarves and crocodile-skin clutches, Paris fashion is being torn apart by a saga of secretive empire-building and power-struggles dubbed the "handbag wars".

Hermès - the family brand and former saddle-maker that prides itself on being more interested in leather hand-stitching than bling - says it is under attack from one of the world's richest men. It emerged last month that Bernard Arnault, owner of LVMH, the world's number one champagne and luxury goods empire, which includes Louis Vuitton and Dior, had secretly acquired a 17% stake in the Hermès family firm. Since then, the two sides have been at war, backed by an army of PR gurus, lawyers and bankers. The dispute is being billed as a David and Goliath stand-off, a battle for the soul of the nations' calf-skin purses, which also calls into question Nicolas Sarkozy's promise for financial transparency on the Paris stock-exchange.

Hermès' bosses claim they were stupefied to discover that Arnault had built up a stake using a legal but shadowy derivatives system that masked his true identity. Hermès is one of the world's last independent fashion houses. The family shareholders who still control three quarters of its shares say the firm has deliberately distanced itself from mass-market techniques and resisted conglomerates. The brand's hand-crafted "it-bags", the Kelly and the Birkin, can run to tens of thousands of pounds if customers can stand joining a waiting list that once lasted six years. The Birkin bag's elitist image was not even damaged by suggestions that Victoria Beckham, the queen of bling, owned 100, worth a total of £1.5m. While the world luxury sector's profits dropped in 2009, Hermès has seen an 20% surge in sales in the first half of this year that has kept rising.

When the family discovered that Arnault had secretly acquired a stake in Hermès, they warned there was "an intruder in the garden but we don't want him in the house."

Arnault is France's richest man, a close friend and former best-man of Sarkozy. He has made his fortune voraciously acquiring firms, often exploiting rivalries within small companies. His luxury goods empire includes Moet & Chandon, the world's biggest champagne maker, as well as fashion houses Marc Jacobs and Celine. Known in France as the "Pope of Luxury", he has long been said to have an eye on Hermès' prestigious brand. It's not the first time Arnault has started a "handbag war", ten years ago his famous - failed - onslaught on Gucci caused a bitter stand-off against another French magnate and friend of Jacques Chirac, François Pinault. The two men have since continued their rivalry in the arts arena, building staggeringly expensive rival art collections.

Hermès bosses, fearing that Arnault's business-savy is too tough a match for the family firm, have made a rare public plea for Arnault to get out and offload his shares. Outraged, he promised he was "peaceful" and "friendly", keen to protect the French label from Swiss or Chinese interest. Hermès snapped back that this was "pure invention". Arnault fumed in Le Figaro: "I do not see how the head of a listed company can be qualified to ask a shareholder to sell his shares. On the contrary he is supposed to defend the interests of all shareholders." Patrick Thomas, the Hermès chief executive, said the family was "calm, united and vigilant".

Arnault, who is currently considering expanding the 2,468 LVMH world retail spaces to locations such as Mongolia and Tibet, is thought to want to take Hermès even more upmarket. Hermès unrivalled leather goods savoir-faire would be an asset to his Louis Vuitton brand.

But the next step of the battle will be fought in France's corridors of financial power as the French stock market watchdog investigates the legal but shadowy conditions of Arnault acquiring his stake.

Jean-Pierre Jouyet, the watchdog's president said: "We're the only country in Europe where something like this could happen." The results threaten to embarrass Sarkozy's promise of financial ethics. Like the battle between the fashion houses, the investigation will, according to Jouyet, be "long, difficult, and very complex."

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Metal Casting is one of the most widely used processes that is used in the production and process industry. In the metal industry the process of Casting is the basic and he most essential step in the process of production. At the dawn of the industrial revolution, casting was a very crude process that had not undergone development.

Need for associations and institutes: Though the process of casting is an important step in production, it remained underdeveloped for a very long period of time. The basic need for the formation of metal casting related associations was to develop the process of casting. The many associations that are working for the development of metal casting are continuously working for the development of the process. Associations and the groups that have been formed by the companies are constantly experimenting with the proposed reforms in the casting process. Many of them have also come up with sound technical rectifications and an amazing number of proposals.

Aims and Objective of Casting Associations and groups: The basic objective of all the Meat casting Groups and associations that have been working for a few decades remains unchanged. The associations strive to develop the process of casting to the pinnacle. The global market has become demanding and competitive than ever. The associations helps the member companies in maximizing their quality standards. These associations also work for the spread of appropriate technology. Many innovations and inventions are proposed and executed for the technological benefit of the member companies. This kind if technical support helps the company to cut the cost of production. It also helps the companies to increase the quality and also ht performance of their production units.

Work against pollution: Metal Casting companies are often pressurized and also accused of polluting the environment. Many of the associations provide technical knowledge to the companies about the disposal of pollutants. Many a times the companies who have operational centers close to each other set up a common plant to dispose off the harmful waste materials. Many of the associations have set up their own norms for the member companies.

Man power safety: Some of the associations also keep a tab on the safety of the workers. A metal casting industry is a very dangerous place to work in. the associations hence have prescribed many safety norms to the member companies.

The norms regarding safety of the environment and the safety of the workers if not followed always invite trouble from the government. If the safety norms of the associations are followed then the intervention of the government reduces considerably.

Spread of Knowledge: To make the people in the industry aware of the ongoing commercial development and technical research the associations arrange international expos and also many exhibitions. The associations also represent their member companies in many seminars organized on the international level.

Commercial Aspects: The metal casting associations work as exchange houses for commercial meetings. Many associations give sound financial information and also explains the market conditions to the member companies.
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How e-bikes work is by assisting your pedaling. Electric bikes are everyday bicycles with an added battery-powered electric motor. Although capable of pushing you along without your help, electric bikes perform noticeably better when you pedal. The average "couch potato" who normally rides at 10 mph can ride at 15-20 mph using the same effort. He can also expect a range of 10 miles, with a recharge time of several hours. Do you remember that easy pedaling after you get your bike up to speed? Thats the cruising feeling you get all the time with an electric bike.
Power, when activated by a throttle on the handlebar (power-on-demand) or in response to your pedaling (ped-elec), gives you an immediate, nearly silent push. When you release the throttle (or stop pedaling), the motor coasts or "freewheels" - like when you stop pedaling a regular bike. Standard bicycle hand brakes and gearing round out the controls.
"Power-on-demand" means just that - no pedaling required! Although all electric (or "electric-assist") bikes are designed to work with your pedaling, power-on-demand allows you to break the rule. Most systems offer a variable speed control, although some are simply on/off (like the yellow switch pictured). A "ped-elec" wont deliver motor power unless it senses you are pedaling. And its "power output to pedal pressure" ratio is often adjustable. Most people find 400-watt motors adequate for their needs, although folks with steep hills may want more power. Some bikes offer through-the-gearing power assist - i.e. the force of the motor goes through the bikes gearing system - which provides better hill-climbing and top-end speed than direct drive systems with motors of the same wattage rating.
Electric bikes come in two basic designs - adaptive and purpose-built. The adaptive type starts with a bicycle and adds a drive system to it. A purpose-built e-bike is designed from the ground up. Adaptives are less expensive, less stylish, and may require installation (allow 3 hours if youre familiar with tools; otherwise your local bikeshop mechanic will charge about $75). Purpose-builts generate interesting designs and features (like brake-activated tail lights). Users of both types enjoy easy acceleration, hill climbing, and cutting through headwinds. Rechargeable batteries, usually sealed lead-acid, provide power for the electric drive motors. Charging costs less than 5¢ of electricity from common 110 VAC wall outlets. Charging times vary widely due to charger output and battery capacity, but you can expect to recharge in less than 8 hours with most stock chargers. Quick chargers are available.
Mopeds differ from e-bikes in that they generate more speed, risk, range, expense, pollution, and legal issues. Top speed of mopeds is limited by law to 30 mph. Often, a drivers license and registration is required. An electric bike, which by law is limited to a top speed of 20 mph, reduces the risk of serious injury. Its shorter range of 8-20 miles is plenty for errands and short commutes. E-bikes are the cleanest motorized vehicles - both in terms of air pollution and noise. If you own a bike, you can motorize it for as little as $500. Or buy a purpose-built e-bike for up to $3000. Either way, you can ride your e-bike without a drivers license, vehicle registration, or insurance.

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Profile
Ningbo HongYi Machinery Co.,Ltd. is an export-oriented enterprise located in Ningbo which is the 2nd biggest container sea port in China. our company integrates manufacture and trading service with owned investment casting (Lost Wax Casting) foundry specialized in manufacturing and exporting various kinds of Castings and CNC machining service includes investment casting (lost wax casting), sand casting, alum casting etc.
As one of a leading supplier and exporter in castings business field, we are able to produce stainless steel castings, alloy steel castings, carbon steel castings, iron castings , aluminum castings and other machinery & engineering products which are widely used in Automobile, Marine/ship, Train/railway, valve and pipe fittings, Construction, Agricultural ,Excavators and earth moving (mining machinery), power transmission line as well as food machinery and non magnetic stainless steel castings in Electronics field.
Our company with annual casting production capacity more than 10,000 tons , the superior quality and excellent service with competitive price, which has enabled us to win the high reputation from the customers in U.S.A., Russia, Germany, Australia, U.K, Austria, France, Holland, Italy, Belgium and other European countries.
We are welcome your OEM business and develop castings from our foundry!

Products
1. Carbon steel castings, alloy steel castings, stainless steel castings, ductile iron castings, and non-ferrous alloy castings etc. in both Investment casting process and Lost wax casting process in OUR FOUNDRY, with necessary surface treatment , CNC machining and assembly service etc.
2. Other products: Stamping and Forging, Alum die castings, Zinc die castings, sand castings (ductile iron and gray iron), rubber and plastics etc


Our area of expertise lies in products for the following applications-

Stainless steel Investment castings
Lost wax castings
Valve castings and pipe fittings
Construction parts(castings)
Automobile parts(Castings)
Excavators parts(castings)
Engineering parts (castings)
CNC Metal machining
Forging and Stamping
Aluminum castings
Zinc die castings

A look at some of the machinery and equipment:
We continuously upgrade our machinery and processes regularly to ensure the best quality and performance.

Technology
Complete and advanced manufacturing, testing and inspection equipments impenetrate to whole production processes; integrated casting processes as your requested; with CNC machining, assembly service and multi-surface finish: water-base rust preventive, oil painting, blacking, zinc plating, hot galvanized for the carbon steel and tumbling, hand dull polishing, mirror polishing, electrolytic polishing and passivation treatment for the stainless steel castings.

Quality Guarantee
Our company has always endeavored for attaining impeccable quality and all round excellence.
Our foundry has attained ISO certification and achieved perfection through its sustained efforts . Our workshops have full-fledged quality control systems and advanced statistical techniques are established for each individual component and process at our sophisticated workshop. Heat treatment Hardness , Tensile strength , Yielding strength, Elongation, Breaking load etc. are tested for any faults in our products. Heat processes such as Quenching, Tempering, Hardening and Normalizing are carried out to get the desired results as per customers requirement. Every step of the production process is monitored to ensure defect free products. We understand that the applications where our products used are critical, hence, we maintain stringent quality measures to keepthe quality of our products and let the customers satisfy.
Our main produces:Investment castings , Investment casting , Lost wax casting , Silica sol casting , Sand castings , Aluminum castings , CNC metal machining , Stainless steel investment casting , Steel investment casting , Automotive Castings , Railroad castings , Marine castings , Agricultural castings , Valve castings and pipe fittings , Excavator bucket Teeth , Construction parts(casting) , Engineering parts(castings) , Steel investment casting parts , Marine castings parts , Stainless steel investment casting parts , Valve castings , Steel sand casting , Construction attachment(casting) , Automobile part(Casting) , Pump parts(castings) , CNC machining parts , Bucket teeth , Railroad castings parts , Investment casting manufacturer , Pipe fittings(casting) , Automobile castings parts , Bucket adapters , Aluminum die castings , Iron sand casting , Aluminum alloy castings , Ripper shanks , Scaffolding spare parts(casting) , Investment casting benefits , Bearing seat casting(casting) , Side cutters cutting edges , Power Transmission parts , Aluminum gravity castings , Investment casting process , Hydraulic parts , Teeth for Earth moving , Aluminum sand castings , Link castings and so on.